Name: __________________________ Date: _____________



1.
We transform information into a form that can be entered and retained by the memory system. This process is known as:
A.
encoding.
B.
retrieval.
C.
storage.
D.
mnemonics.


2.
According to the stage model of memory:
A.
the capacity to remember changes with each age and stage of the lifespan.
B.
memory consists of the stages of maintenance rehearsal, elaborative rehearsal, and clustering.
C.
memories evolve in stages from simple memories to complex memories.
D.
memory involves the stages of sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.


3.
Selecting just a few aspects of all the environmental information that's being very briefly registered is a process that initially occurs in:
A.
short-term memory.
B.
sensory memory.
C.
long-term memory.
D.
working memory.


4.
Visual sensory memory is to auditory sensory memory as _____ is to _____.
A.
short-term memory; long-term memory
B.
echoic memory; iconic memory
C.
iconic memory; echoic memory
D.
long-term memory; short-term memory


5.
From another room, Jenny called out to Leonard to ask where he had put the car keys. At first, Leonard thought he hadn't heard what Jenny had asked, but a few seconds later, the question registered in his mind and he answered, “On the coffee table.” Which type of sensory memory can explain this phenomenon?
A.
echoic memory
B.
iconic memory
C.
contextual memory
D.
semantic memory


6.
How can you increase the length of time that you can hold information in your short-term memory?
A.
use maintenance rehearsal by repeating the information
B.
by using a process called cryptomnesia
C.
move the information into sensory memory and then back into short-term memory
D.
use echoic and iconic memory to hold the memory longer


7.
Mentally add 37 + 65, then subtract 11. To perform this task, the information must be held and processed in your:
A.
long-term memory.
B.
auditory sensory memory.
C.
visual sensory memory.
D.
short-term memory.


8.
When short-term memory is filled to capacity, new information will:
A.
be ignored.
B.
be temporarily stored in sensory memory.
C.
displace currently held information.
D.
be temporarily store in long-term memory.


9.
One strategy to increase the amount of information that can be held in short-term memory is to group related items together into a single unit. This strategy is called:
A.
state-dependent retrieval.
B.
chunking.
C.
context effect.
D.
serial position effect.


10.
The amount of information that can be held in long-term memory:
A.
depends on the amount of maintenance rehearsal performed on the information.
B.
seems to be limitless.
C.
is 7+2 bits of information.
D.
is much greater for people raised in individualistic cultures as compared to collectivistic cultures.


11.
Adam vividly remembers when he had to go to the emergency room for stitches. This is an example of which type of long-term memory?
A.
procedural memory
B.
semantic memory
C.
contextual memory
D.
episodic memory


12.
When asked for the definition of a dependent variable, Mohammed replied, “It's the factor in an experiment that is observed and measured for change.” Mohammed's answer reflects which category of long-term memory?
A.
procedural memory
B.
semantic memory
C.
contextual memory
D.
episodic memory


13.
Implicit memory is to _____ as explicit memory is to _____.
A.
procedural information; episodic and semantic information
B.
George Sperling; George Miller
C.
memory with awareness; memory without awareness
D.
the hippocampus; the amygdala


14.
Implicit memory is:
A.
memory that cannot be consciously recollected.
B.
declarative memory.
C.
limited to 7+2 chunks of information.
D.
the same as a semantic network.


15.
The semantic network model suggests that:
A.
semantic information is organized in a network, but episodic information is organized chronologically.
B.
when the conditions of information retrieval are similar to the conditions of information encoding, retrieval is more likely.
C.
distortions in memory can occur when the true source of the memory is forgotten.
D.
information in long-term memory is organized in a complex system of associations.


16.
Brenda's Aunt Shelby got to the point where she just couldn't recall any more details. “Honestly, that's all I can remember about being in the same first grade class as Bruce Springsteen. It was just too long age,” Shelby explained to her disappointed niece. That Shelby was unable to recall her other long-term memories about attending elementary school with Bruce Springsteen is most likely an example of:
A.
prospective memory.
B.
retrieval cue failure.
C.
memory consolidation.
D.
imagination inflation.


17.
Janette was absolutely certain that she knew the name of the fundamentalist religious group that was involved in the standoff with the FBI in Waco, Texas, but she could not think of the name of the group. This is an example of:
A.
a tip-of-the-tongue experience.
B.
the misinformation effect.
C.
the primacy effect.
D.
imagination inflation.


18.
Although Morgan had practiced her speech several times before class, she flubbed the middle part of the speech when she gave it in speech class. This pattern of forgetting illustrates:
A.
the serial position effect.
B.
encoding specificity.
C.
memory consolidation.
D.
proactive interference.


19.
When the conditions of information retrieval are similar to the conditions of information encoding, memory retrieval is more likely to be successful. That statement reflects the basic idea of:
A.
source monitoring.
B.
prospective memory.
C.
memory consolidation.
D.
the encoding specificity principle.


20.
Following the death of his father, Scott became extremely despondent for several weeks. During this time, Scott seemed to dwell on other unpleasant memories and other sad experiences in his life. Scott's recall of other sad memories is an example of:
A.
mood congruence.
B.
implicit memory.
C.
the context effect.
D.
memory consolidation.


21.
On September 12, 2001, psychologists Jennifer Talarico and David Rubin (2003) had Duke University students complete questionnaires about how they learned about the terrorist attacks against the United States on the previous day. For comparison, students also described some ordinary event that had occurred in their lives at about the same time, such as going to a sporting event. Students were then randomly assigned to a follow-up session either 1 week, or 6 weeks, or 32 weeks later. What did the results indicate?
A.
Just as the concept of content effect would predict, American students accurately remembered the 9/11 details, while the foreign college students more accurately recalled the details of the everyday event.
B.
Memories of everyday events contained inconsistencies but the memories of learning about the 9/11 terrorist attacks remained consistent and accurate, just as the concept of flashbulb memories would predict.
C.
The “flashbulb” memories of learning about the terrorist attacks deteriorated over time, but the everyday memories remained consistent and accurate over time, just as the concept of repressed memories would predict.
D.
Inconsistencies occurred over time in both the ordinary memories and the 9/11 memories, but the students perceived their 9/11 memories as being vivid and accurate.


22.
Identify the psychologist who pioneered the scientific study of forgetting.
A.
Hermann Ebbinghaus
B.
Elizabeth Loftus
C.
George Sperling
D.
Karl Lashley


23.
The graphic representation of the results of Ebbinghaus's research is called the:
A.
memory curve.
B.
retroactive interference effect.
C.
misinformation effect.
D.
forgetting curve.


24.
On a visit to his mother's home, Steve's mother introduced him to her new next-door neighbor. After chatting with the neighbor for a few minutes, Steve realized that he could not remember the new neighbor's name. The MOST likely explanation for Steve's forgetting the neighbor's name is:
A.
proactive interference.
B.
retroactive interference.
C.
encoding failure.
D.
decay.


25.
If you cannot remember which United States president is pictured on a $5 bill, the reason is most likely:
A.
interference.
B.
encoding failure.
C.
decay.
D.
misinformation.


26.
“Mike, that is so weird,” Emma said looking startled. “As you were telling me about your dad, it's like I knew exactly what you were going to say. I mean, it felt like it was something that had happened before but I know that's not possible.” Emma appears to be:
A.
experiencing imagination inflation.
B.
having a déjà vu experience.
C.
recovering a repressed memory.
D.
developing anterograde amnesia.


27.
According to _____ theory, we forget memories because we don't use them and they simply fade away over time as a matter of normal brain processes.
A.
decay
B.
interference
C.
neuronal circuit
D.
psychoanalytic


28.
When old memories interfere with a new memory, _____ is said to have occurred.
A.
proactive interference
B.
retroactive interference
C.
encoding failure
D.
long-term potentiation


29.
After switching departments at work and getting a new phone number, Anne found that it was harder to remember her previous department's phone number. Anne was experiencing _____, which occurs when forming a new memory makes it harder to recall a previous memory.
A.
retroactive interference
B.
encoding failure
C.
proactive interference
D.
misinformation


30.
Forgetting a painful or embarrassing memory because we don't want to remember the information is called:
A.
motivated forgetting.
B.
motivated interference.
C.
encoding failure.
D.
the desirability effect.


31.
Eric couldn't remember any of his childhood until he went for psychotherapy to treat his anxiety disorder. After just a few sessions, Eric started remembering the painful incidents in his childhood in which he was beaten and made to feel ashamed. Eric had difficulty remembering his childhood probably because of:
A.
retroactive interference.
B.
proactive interference.
C.
motivated forgetting.
D.
encoding failure.


32.
Ned's parents got divorced when he was seven years old. Ned's older sister vividly remembers the frequent loud screaming matches between her mother and father in the weeks prior to the divorce, but Ned claims that he has no memories of his parents ever fighting. If Ned has completely blocked conscious awareness of those painful memories, it would be an example of:
A.
encoding failure.
B.
proactive interference.
C.
repression.
D.
memory decay.


33.
Research by psychologist Elizabeth Loftus has shown that:
A.
eyewitness testimony is highly accurate.
B.
even when a person has witnessed an event firsthand, it is relatively easy to distort the person's memory of the event.
C.
children and the elderly are most prone to memory distortions.
D.
most people forget the specific details of a crime within about three to six months.


34.
In a research study described in your text, participants briefly sat in a psychology professor's office, then were taken to another room. When asked about the details of the professor's office, the research participants:
A.
accurately remembered almost all of the items in the psychologist's office.
B.
overestimated how long they had sat in the professor's office.
C.
remembered items that were not actually in the office, but were consistent with their schemas of a professor's office.
D.
lied when asked whether they had looked at the test on the table next to where they were sitting.


35.
The key conflict in the “memory wars” is:
A.
whether the hippocampus or the prefrontal cortex is the main brain area in which episodic memories are processed.
B.
price-gouging by the pharmaceutical companies that have developed memory-enhancing medications for people with Alzheimer's disease.
C.
whether “repressed” memories of childhood abuse that are “recovered” using hypnosis, guided imagery, or other highly suggestive techniques are false memories or memories of actual experiences.
D.
whether deception should be used in studies that involve creating false memories in the participants.


36.
What is the term for the brain changes associated with the formation of a long-term memory?
A.
clustering
B.
the memory trace or engram
C.
a schema
D.
the memory episode or trigram


37.
When you combine the research findings of Lashley and Thompson, they suggest that:
A.
all memories are distributed throughout the brain.
B.
H. M. does retain new episodic memories.
C.
simple memories may be localized in specific areas whereas complex memories seem to be distributed throughout the brain.
D.
infantile amnesia is probably caused by trauma during childbirth or during the first few months of life.


38.
To help understand how neurons change in response to the formation of a new memory, researchers have extensively studied:
A.
the sea snail Aplysia.
B.
undergraduate psychology students.
C.
people who have sustained brain injuries.
D.
a man known by the initials H. M.


39.
Justin was involved in an automobile accident and sustained a serious injury to his head. When asked about the accident, Justin could not remember what happened or how the accident occurred. Justin seems to be suffering from:
A.
cryptomnesia.
B.
retrograde amnesia.
C.
temporary dementia.
D.
anterograde amnesia.


40.
The gradual, physical process of converting new long-term memories into stable, enduring memory codes is termed:
A.
the memory trace.
B.
memory localization.
C.
memory distribution.
D.
memory consolidation.


41.
The famous patient known as H. M. suffered from an extreme case of:
A.
memory consolidation.
B.
anterograde amnesia.
C.
retrograde amnesia.
D.
proactive amnesia.


42.
When the patient known as H. M. was a young man, doctors surgically removed his _____ in an attempt to treat his epileptic seizures.
A.
cerebellum
B.
amygdala
C.
hippocampus
D.
hypothalamus


43.
The famous patient known only as H.M. is NOT able to:
A.
use his short-term memory.
B.
retrieve long-term memories.
C.
form new long-term episodic memories.
D.
form new long-term procedural memories.


44.
Studies with amnesia patients who have sustained brain damage similar to that of the patient named H. M. have shown that:
A.
H. M. is highly unusual in his ability to form new episodic memories.
B.
implicit and explicit memory processes seem to involve different brain areas.
C.
H. M. is highly unusual in his ability to form new procedural memories.
D.
implicit and explicit memory processes seem to involve the same brain areas.


45.
Both infants and adults with hippocampus damage:
A.
experience amnesia caused by the repression of threatening or traumatic experiences.
B.
are unable to form new episodic memories, but are capable of forming new procedural memories.
C.
are unable to form new procedural memories, but are capable of forming new episodic memories.
D.
are unable to form new procedural or episodic memories.


46.
During the EARLIEST stages of Alzheimer's disease, the most common symptoms are:
A.
agitation and moodiness.
B.
the spontaneous recovery of long-repressed memories.
C.
forgetting names of familiar people and the locations of familiar places.
D.
misplacing keys, glasses, the remote control for the television set, and other common objects.


47.
During the LAST stages of Alzheimer's disease, the most common symptoms are:
A.
misplacing keys, glasses, and other common objects.
B.
the spontaneous recovery of long-repressed memories.
C.
forgetting names of familiar people and the locations of familiar places.
D.
the inability to recognize loved ones or to communicate, and loss of the sense of self.


48.
Spacing your study sessions is to _____ as cramming the night before is to _____.
A.
elaborative rehearsal; maintenance rehearsal
B.
massed practice; distributed practice
C.
serial position effect; proactive interference
D.
distributed practice; massed practice


49.
According to the Application section, which of the following helps the process of consolidating new memories?
A.
sleep
B.
alcohol
C.
background noise
D.
massed practice


50.
For his Eastern history class, Hamilton had to memorize a lengthy list of Chinese emperors. To do so, he imagined each of them sitting in a chair in a different room of his family home. Hamilton was using a technique called:
A.
the peg-word method.
B.
the method of loci.
C.
the misinformation effect.
D.
imagination inflation.



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