The process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses is called:

In response to cutting up an onion, airborne irritants released by the onion body will cause your eyes to tear. Using Pavlov's terminology, the tears would be termed a(n):

To produce a learned response in classical conditioning, what two elements are repeatedly paired?

Six-year-old Blair liked going to the 1st grade right up until her teacher, Ms. Hanemayer, took maternity leave. The substitute teacher, old Mrs. Snarly, was strict and scolded Blair on several occasions, making her cry. On one Saturday morning as Blair was helping her father with grocery shopping, she rounded the corner and came face to face with old Mrs. Snarly. Blair instantly burst into tears. For Blair, Mrs. Snarly in the grocery store is an example of:

When Rani was having problems at school, she often talked things over with her grandfather. Her grandfather, who always smoked a pipe, was warm, reassuring, and always supportive. Years later, Rani still finds the smell of pipe tobacco soothing. In classical conditioning terms, Rani's fondness for the smell of pipe tobacco may be described as a(n):

If you touch something hot, you will reflexively withdraw your hand. Using Pavlov's terminology, reflexively withdrawing your hand would be termed a(n):

Steven Spielberg's classic movie Jaws was a thriller about a great white shark that terrorized tourists at a local beach. Just before the shark's appearance, eerie music began playing. As the unseen shark came closer, the tempo of the music picked up. After the audience had experienced this a few times, the sound of the music triggered the emotional reaction of fear in the audience even though the shark still had not appeared. At that point, fear in response to the sound of the eerie music was a(n):

After repeatedly pairing the sound of a bell with food being placed in a dog's mouth, the sound of the bell alone will make the dog salivate. The dog's salivation to the sound of the bell is termed the:

A young child has learned to associate the sight of a nurse's white uniform with the fear and pain of getting an injection. Using Pavlov's terminology, when the white uniform elicits a fear response, it would be termed a(n):

Pavlov found that once he conditioned a dog to salivate in response to a tone, a tone that was slightly higher or lower in pitch would also make the dog salivate. This phenomenon is called:

In classical conditioning, if the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, what will occur?

In Watson and Rayner's famous “Little Albert” study, what was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

What was the conditioned response (CR) in Watson and Rayner's famous “Little Albert” study?

Modern research on advertising and marketing techniques has shown that:

Whenever Kim and Russ make love, they always play Ravel's classic instrumental work “Boléro” in the background. One day, as Kim is walking past a music appreciation class, she realizes that the class is listening to Ravel's “Boléro.” As she continues to walk down the hall, she smiles to herself as erotic thoughts of Russ cross her mind. Which of the following best represents the unconditioned stimulus in this example?

Which of the following does NOT illustrate classical conditioning?

Katie loves strong coffee and cheerfully admits that she depends on caffeine to help her wake up every day. One morning, her husband served her two cups of decaffeinated coffee without telling her. Nevertheless, she still felt more alert after drinking the decaffeinated coffee. What might explain Katie's alertness after drinking decaffeinated coffee?

When the conditioned response is the OPPOSITE of a drug's effects, it is called a:

Jason is addicted to heroin and always injects the drug in the basement of a friend's apartment building. As he enters the basement, he begins to feel a strong craving for heroin and experiences withdrawal symptoms. In this example, the basement environment is the _____ and Jason's craving and withdrawal symptoms are a(n) _____.

In an experiment described in your text, two group of rats received steadily increasing doses of heroin in a particular setting, and over the course of a month, developed tolerance to the heroin. Both groups of rats were then injected with a heroin dose that was twice as strong as the dose to which they had become accustomed. Group A received the heroin in the familiar setting while Group B received the heroin in an unfamiliar setting. What happened to the rats in each group?

Ever since she foolishly drank too much beer at a rock concert and vomited all over her boyfriend, Sharon becomes nauseous at the smell or taste of beer. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is _____ and the conditioned response is _____.

Psychologist John Garcia found that rats did not learn to associate a taste with flashing lights and noise. However, rats do learn to associate a taste with getting ill. Which of the following concepts best accounts for this observation?

The notion that an organism is innately predisposed to form associations between certain stimuli and responses is termed:

Classical conditioning involves _____, while operant conditioning involves _____.

Classical conditioning is to _____ as operant conditioning is to _____.

After carrying a step stool to the kitchen, five-year-old Laura is able to reach the Scotch tape dispenser on the kitchen counter. What is the operant in this example?

Positive reinforcement _____ the likelihood of a behavior's being repeated. Negative reinforcement _____ the likelihood of a behavior's being repeated.

Whenever Stephanie changes the engine air filter in her car, she unscrews the two bolts that hold the filter cover on, then places the two bolts by the car's front tire to avoid dropping (and losing) them in the car's engine. Using operant conditioning terminology, placing the bolts by the tire is:

After she realized that the mosquito had bitten her and her hand was starting to itch, Akai rubbed some cortisone cream on the swollen spot, and the itching stopped. The next time a mosquito bit her, she applied cortisone cream to relieve the itching. Using operant conditioning terms, this is an example of:

Whenever she sees a bolt of lightning streak across the sky, Maria quickly unplugs her computer equipment to keep it from being damaged by an electrical surge. Using operant conditioning terms, Maria's behavior is being maintained by:

Which of the following would be considered a conditioned reinforcer?

A _____ reinforcer is one that has acquired reinforcing value by being associated with a _____ reinforcer.

After lightning damaged his computer, Damon no longer turns his computer on during thunderstorms. Using operant conditioning terms, this is an example of:

On two different occasions, Clint loses money in the vending machine on the second floor of his dorm. Clint no longer uses that vending machine. Using operant conditioning terms, this is an example of:

After getting cactus needles stuck in her hand, 2-year-old Rachel no longer touches cactus plants. Using operant conditioning terms, this is an example of:

Whenever Priscilla tries to talk on the telephone, her 5-year-old daughter, Debbie, frequently interrupts her. If Priscilla wanted to use the strategy of reinforcing the nonoccurrence of the problem behavior, she would:

Whenever she sees a bolt of lightning streak across the sky, Maria quickly unplugs her computer equipment to keep the equipment from being damaged by an electrical surge. Using operant conditioning terms, the bolt of lightning is a(n):

Standing at the curb, you wait for the “Don't Walk” crossing signal to change to “Walk.” Using operant conditioning terms, the Don't Walk/Walk crossing signal is a(n) _____ in this situation.

If you reinforce successively closer approximations of a behavior until the desired behavior is displayed, you are using the operant conditioning procedure called:

A rat in a Skinner box is reinforced with a food pellet every time it presses the bar. This is an example of:

A rat in a Skinner box receives a food pellet every ten times the bar is pressed. The rat is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Christina is making some extra money as a phone solicitor for her university's fund raising drive. She is paid $5 for every twenty calls she makes, regardless of whether the person donates. Christina is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Jonathan frequently plays the slot machines and sometimes comes out slightly ahead in his winnings. Like all gambling behavior, Jonathan's gambling behavior is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Why do variable-ratio schedules produce steady rates of responding?

At the beginning of the semester, the humanities instructor explains that there will be ten surprise quizzes over the semester, so students are strongly encouraged to keep up with their reading and attend every class. The humanities instructor is using a _____ schedule of reinforcement to encourage studying and class attendance.

Roy is having trouble passing his calculus course. No matter how hard he studies, he cannot seem to pass a calculus test. Eventually, Roy gives up and stops studying or even coming to calculus class. Roy's behavior can be explained as an example of:

College students who experience feelings of learned helplessness may respond to academic setbacks, such as failing a test, in which of the following ways?

The famous Bobo doll studies showed that:

The famous Bobo doll study demonstrated that:

Studies found that adolescents who watched a great deal of television programs with a high level of sexual content: