Our inability to remember information presented in the seconds just before we fall asleep is most likely due to:
motivated forgetting.
the misinformation effect.
retroactive interference.
encoding failure.
long-term potentiation.
The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information is called:
state-dependent memory.
the serial position effect.
the spacing effect.
proactive interference.
The fact that elderly people are often less able than younger adults to recall previously learned information can be best explained in terms of the greater difficulty older people have with:
automatic processing.
iconic memory.
retrieval.
implicit memory.
When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which test of memory is being utilized?
reconstruction
recognition
rehearsal
recall
relearning
Negative associations primed by distressing emotions most clearly illustrate:
repression.
mood-congruent memory.
Memory of facts is to ________ as memory of skills is to ________.
brainstem; hippocampus
explicit memory; implicit memory
automatic processing; effortful processing
short-term memory; long-term memory
Words, events, places, and emotions that trigger our memory of the past are called:
retrieval cues.
deja vu.
iconic traces.
context effects.
schemas.
One day after Usha hears her mother's list of 12 grocery items, Usha is most likely to remember the items ________ of the list.
at the beginning and end
at the end
at the beginning
in the middle
Visual sensory memory is referred to as:
echoic memory.
photomemory.
semantic memory.
Studies by Loftus and Palmer, in which subjects were quizzed about a film of an accident, indicate that:
when quizzed immediately, subjects can recall very little, due to the stress of witnessing an accident.
when questioned as little as one day later, their memory was very inaccurate.
most subjects had very accurate memories as much as 6 months later.
subjects' recall may easily be affected by misleading information.
We often cannot reliably distinguish between true and false memories because:
false memories activate the identical brain regions as true ones.
false memories contain the same level of detail as true ones.
false memories are often just as durable as true ones.
all the above are true.
We are more likely to remember the words "typewriter, cigarette, and fire" than the words "void, process, and inherent." This best illustrates the value of:
flashbulb memory.
visual encoding.
The tendency to immediately recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is known as the ________ effect.
serial position
misinformation
next-in-line
priming
spacing
Textbook chapters are often organized into ________ in order to facilitate information processing.
mnemonic devices
chunks
hierarchies
recognizable units
The inability to remember how Lincoln's head appears on a penny is most likely due to a failure in:
encoding.
storage.
The integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from long-term storage involves what is known as:
semantic encoding.
working memory.
Loftus and Palmer asked two groups of observers how fast two cars had been going in a filmed traffic accident. Observers who heard the vividly descriptive word "smashed" in relation to the accident later recalled:
broken glass at the scene of the accident.
that the drivers of the vehicles were intoxicated.
that the drivers of the vehicles were males.
the details of the accident with vivid accuracy.
Craik and Tulving experimentally demonstrated that people effectively remember seeing a specific word after they decide whether that word fits into an incomplete sentence. This research highlighted the effectiveness of:
the method of loci.
the "peg-word" system.
the next-in-line effect.
Studies of the conditioned eye-blink response in rabbits suggest that implicit memories are stored in the:
hypothalamus.
association areas.
motor cortex.
hippocampus.
cerebellum.
Watching a TV soap opera involving marital conflict and divorce led Andrea to recall several instances in which her husband had mistreated her. The effect of the TV program on Andrea's recall provides an example of:
priming.
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