As a child, you were playing in the yard one day when a neighbor's cat wandered over. Your mother (who has a terrible fear of animals) screamed and snatched you into her arms. Her behavior caused you to cry. You now have a fear of cats. Identify the UCS.

A.	your mother's behavior

B.	your crying

the cat

D.	your fear today

Learning by imitating others' behaviors is called ________ learning. The researcher best known for studying this type of learning is ________.

A.	secondary; Skinner

B.	observational; Bandura

C.	secondary; Pavlov

D.	observational; Watson

A fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n):

A.	unpredictable time period has elapsed.

B.	specified time period has elapsed.

C.	specified number of responses has been made.

D.	unpredictable number of responses has been made.

Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because:

A.	it highlighted the role of cognitive processes in learning.

B.	so many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned.

C.	it demonstrated an essential difference between animal and human learning.

D.	of all the above reasons.

Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed his older brother does so. This illustrates the importance of:

A.	respondent behavior.

B.	immediate reinforcement.

C.	spontaneous recovery.

modeling.

shaping.

Who would be most likely to emphasize the importance of observational learning?

Watson

Bandura

Skinner

Pavlov

Gamblers who insert coins in a slot machine are reinforced on a ________ schedule.

A.	fixed-interval

B.	variable-interval

C.	fixed-ratio

D.	variable-ratio

A Skinner box is a(n):

A.	soundproofed cubicle in which organisms are classically conditioned in the absence of distracting noise.

B.	aversive or punishing event that decreases the occurrence of certain undesirable behaviors.

C.	special "slot machine" that is used to study the effects of partial reinforcement on gambling behavior.

D.	chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reinforcer.

E.	television projection device designed for use in laboratory studies of observational learning.

Spontaneous recovery refers to the:

A.	expression of learning that had occurred earlier but had not been expressed because of lack of incentive.

B.	organism's tendency to respond spontaneously to stimuli similar to the CS as though they were the CS.

C.	return of a response after punishment has been terminated.

D.	reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response.

10.

John B. Watson would have expressed the greatest disapproval of attempts to scientifically study whether:

A.	consumer buying habits are influenced by newspaper advertisements.

B.	worker productivity is influenced by hourly wage rates.

C.	academic achievement is influenced by a positive self-concept.

D.	aggressive behavior is influenced by threats of punishment.

11.

The occurrence of spontaneous recovery suggests that during extinction the ________ is ________.

A.	CS; eliminated

B.	CR; eliminated

C.	CS; suppressed

D.	CR; suppressed

12.

Which of the following is an example of reinforcement?

A.	presenting a positive stimulus after a response

B.	removing an unpleasant stimulus after a response

C.	being told that you have done a good job

D.	All of the above are examples.

13.

A cognitive map is a(n):

A.	mental representation of one's environment.

B.	sequence of thought processes leading from one idea to another.

C.	set of instructions detailing the most effective means of teaching a particular concept.

D.	biological predisposition to learn a particular skill.

E.	educational tool based on operant conditioning techniques.

14.

Months after she was raped, Mary's heart pounds with fear merely at the sight of the apartment in which she was attacked. This best illustrates:

shaping.

B.	generalization.

C.	delayed reinforcement.

D.	associative learning.

E.	latent learning.

15.

You always rattle the box of dog biscuits before giving your dog a treat. As you do so, your dog salivates. Rattling the box is a(n) ________; your dog's salivation is a(n) ________.

CS; CR

CS; UCR

UCS; CR

UCS; UCR

16.

Kathleen developed an intense fear of flying 5 years ago when she was in a plane crash. The fact that today she can again fly without distress indicates that her fear has undergone:

A.	spontaneous recovery.

B.	extinction.

C.	generalization.

D.	discrimination.

17.

Rats easily learn to associate nausea-producing radiation treatments with:

A.	loud sounds.

B.	bright lights.

C.	bitter tastes.

D.	high-pitched sounds.

E.	any of the above.

18.

In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the taste of food was a(n):

A.	conditioned response.

B.	unconditioned response.

C.	unconditioned stimulus.

D.	conditioned stimulus.

19.

Reggie's mother tells him that he can watch TV after he cleans his room. Evidently, Reggie's mother is attempting to use ________ to increase room cleaning.

A.	operant conditioning

B.	secondary reinforcement

C.	positive reinforcement

D.	all of the above

20.

Compared with apartment dwellers whose landlords pay their energy costs, those apartment dwellers who pay their own energy costs use less energy. This most clearly illustrates that consumer energy usage is influenced by:

A.	operant conditioning.

B.	classical conditioning.

C.	observational learning.

D.	spontaneous recovery.

E.	latent learning.

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