Because Ramona identifies with her politically conservative parents, she chose to enroll in a conservative college. After four years in this environment Ramona's politics have become even more conservative. Which perspective best accounts for the mutual influences of Ramona's upbringing, choice of school, and political viewpoint?
psychoanalytic
trait
humanistic
social-cognitive
Japanese students are more likely than American students to describe themselves in terms of their:
physical appearance.
social identities.
political ideology.
personality traits.
A person whose self-esteem is momentarily threatened is especially likely to:
demonstrate an independence from social pressure to conform.
criticize the shortcomings of others.
lack a clear sense of gender identity.
experience an internal locus of control.
be motivated by a desire for self-actualization.
Hartshorne and May gave thousands of children opportunities to lie, cheat, and steal while at home, at school, and at play. Results of this research, according to Walter Mischel, should make us more cautious about emphasizing:
self-efficacy.
reciprocal determinism.
defense mechanisms.
unconditional positive regard.
Neo-Freudian personality theorists were most likely to disagree with Freud about the importance of:
the unconscious dynamics underlying behavior.
childhood sexual instincts.
anxiety and defense mechanisms.
distinguishing between id, ego, and superego.
American university students are more likely than Japanese university students to describe themselves in terms of their:
academic abilities.
university affiliation.
ethnic background.
marital status.
gender.
Which theory would most likely predict that boys raised without a father figure will have difficulty developing a strongly masculine gender identity?
Allport's trait theory
Maslow's humanistic theory
Bandura's social-cognitive theory
Freud's psychoanalytic theory
Freud suggested that Leonardo da Vinci's paintings of Madonnas could be traced back to his desire for intimacy with his own mother. According to Freud, da Vinci's artistry provides an example of:
displacement.
projection.
sublimation.
regression.
reaction formation.
Which of the following groups tends to suffer from relatively low self-esteem?
women
ethnic minorities
disabled persons
all of the above
none of the above
Morning types are to evening types as ________ is to ________.
conscientiousness; extraversion
agreeableness; openness
extraversion; conscientiousness
openness; agreeableness
When 2-year-old Matthew was told he would get no dessert until he finished the food on his plate, he threw his plate on the floor in a temper tantrum. Freud would have suggested that Matthew was unable to resist the demands of his:
superego.
collective unconscious.
ego.
id.
Oedipus complex.
Research on individual differences in children's temperament indicates that the trait of shyness most clearly results from:
a weak superego.
genetic predispositions.
an internal locus of control.
unresolved conflicts.
fixation and regression.
Contemporary psychologists are least likely to agree with Freud's belief that:
conscience and gender identity form during the process of resolving the Oedipus complex.
conscious awareness of our own mental processes is very limited.
memories are often distorted and incomplete.
defense mechanisms help protect individuals from anxiety.
Bill is muscular and physically strong. Sheldon would classify him as a(n):
endomorphic type.
mesomorphic type.
ectomorphic type.
dysmorphic type.
The best indicator of a person's level of optimism is his or her:
individualism.
ideal self.
gender identity.
attributional style.
Research on locus of control indicates that internals are ________ than externals.
more dependent
more intelligent
better able to cope with stress
more sociable
more depressed
Recent research on the Big Five personality factors provides evidence that:
some tendencies decrease during adulthood, while others increase.
these traits only describe personality in Western, individualist cultures.
the heritability of individual differences in these traits generally runs about 25 percent or less.
all of the above are true.
The Big Five personality factors are:
emotional stability, openness, introversion, sociability, locus of control.
neuroticism, extraversion, openness, emotional stability, sensitivity.
neuroticism, gregariousness, extraversion, impulsiveness, conscientiousness.
emotional stability, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness.
emotional stability, extraversion, openness, locus of control, sensitivity.
When 16-year-old Hafez received a large inheritance from his grandfather, he was tempted to purchase an expensive new car. He decided, instead, to deposit all the money in a savings account for his college education. Hafez shows signs of a:
strong self-serving bias.
weak id.
strong collective unconscious.
strong ego.
strong external locus of control.
Andrew's grandfather, who has lived a rich and productive life, is a spontaneous, loving, and self-accepting person. Maslow might say that he:
has an internal locus of control.
is an extravert.
has resolved all the conflicts of the psychosexual stages.
is a self-actualizing person.
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