Failing to see that an article of clothing can be inflated as a life preserver is an example of:

A.	belief bias.

B.	the availability heuristic.

C.	the representativeness heuristic.

D.	functional fixedness.

Our tendency to judge the likelihood of an event on the basis of how readily we can remember instances of its occurrence is called the:

A.	framing effect.

B.	belief perseverance phenomenon.

C.	confirmation bias.

D.	representativeness heuristic.

E.	availability heuristic.

Mental set and functional fixedness are two types of:

A.	algorithms.

B.	heuristics.

fixation.

insight.

Because of their lightning speed, computers can retrieve and manipulate stored data faster than people can, but the human brain beats the computer hands down when it comes to:

A.	using heuristics.

B.	following algorithms.

C.	serial processing.

D.	simultaneous processing.

The tendency to incorrectly estimate that more people die from accidents and homicides than from strokes and diabetes best illustrates the influence of:

A.	the availability heuristic.

B.	confirmation bias.

C.	the framing effect.

D.	the representativeness heuristic.

E.	fixations.

Semantics refers to the:

A.	logical and methodical procedures for solving problems.

B.	orderly arrangement of words into grammatically correct sentences.

C.	rule-of-thumb strategies that facilitate quick decision making.

D.	derivation of meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences.

The overconfidence phenomenon refers to the tendency to:

A.	cling to our initial conceptions, even though they have been discredited.

B.	search for information consistent with our preconceptions.

C.	underestimate the extent to which our beliefs and judgments are erroneous.

D.	judge the likelihood of an event in terms of how readily instances of its occurrence are remembered.

The confirmation bias refers to the tendency to:

A.	search for information consistent with our preconceptions.

B.	judge the likelihood of events on the basis of how easily we can remember examples of them.

C.	overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.

D.	overestimate the degree to which other people will confirm our beliefs.

Throughout his elementary and high school years, Charlie got away with copying his test answers from classmates. Because the college's test proctors are very observant, Charlie spends as many hours devising new ways to cheat as it would take him to study and perform well in an honest fashion. Charlie's strategy for passing tests illustrates the consequences of:

A.	functional fixedness.

B.	a mental set.

C.	confirmation bias.

D.	the availability heuristic.

E.	the framing effect.

10.

Researchers who believe that some primates possess a rudimentary theory of mind point to evidence that:

A.	chimpanzees have been observed using mirrors to inspect themselves.

B.	vervet monkeys have different alarm calls for different predators.

C.	orangutans in the wild frequently use stones as tools.

D.	honeybees communicate the direction and distance of a food source by performing an intricate dance.

E.	all of the above occur.

11.

The use of heuristics rather than algorithms is most likely to:

A.	save time in arriving at solutions to problems.

B.	yield more accurate solutions to problems.

C.	minimize the overconfidence phenomenon.

D.	involve greater reliance on language skills.

12.

Airline reservations typically decline after a highly publicized airplane crash because people overestimate the incidence of such disasters. In such instances, people's decisions are being influenced by:

A.	belief bias.

B.	the availability heuristic.

C.	the representativeness heuristic.

D.	functional fixedness.

13.

Failing to solve a problem that requires using an object in an unusual way illustrates the phenomenon of:

A.	mental set.

B.	functional fixedness.

framing.

D.	belief perseverance.

E.	overconfidence.

14.

Joan forgot to bring a pillow on the camping trip, so she spent a very uncomfortable and restless night. Unfortunately, she never thought of using her down-filled jacket as a pillow. Joan's oversight best illustrates:

A.	confirmation bias.

B.	belief perseverance.

C.	functional fixedness.

D.	the availability heuristic.

E.	overconfidence.

15.

Experts in a field prefer heuristics to algorithms because heuristics:

A.	guarantee solutions to problems.

B.	prevent mental sets.

C.	often save time.

D.	prevent fixation.

E.	do all of the above.

16.

Research with children indicates that the use of the generic pronoun "he" tends to trigger images of:

a male.

B.	a female about a third of the time the pronoun is used.

C.	a female about half the time the pronoun is used.

D.	persons who are neither obviously male nor obviously female.

17.

Scientists are trained to carefully observe and record any research outcomes that are inconsistent with their hypotheses. This practice most directly serves to inhibit:

A.	the framing effect.

B.	artificial intelligence.

C.	functional fixedness.

D.	confirmation bias.

E.	naturalistic observation.

18.

Deaf children who are not exposed to sign language until they are teenagers:

A.	are unable to master the basic words of sign language.

B.	learn the basic words but not how to order them.

C.	are unable to master either the basic words or syntax of sign language.

D.	never become as fluent as those who learned to sign at a younger age.

19.

Professor Carr's research efforts focus on how the use of heuristics influences people's assessments of financial risks. Which specialty area does his research best represent?

A.	developmental psychology

B.	biological psychology

C.	clinical psychology

D.	cognitive psychology

E.	personality psychology

20.

Marilyn was asked to solve a series of five math problems. The first four problems could only be solved by a particular sequence of operations. The fifth problem could also be solved following this sequence; however, a much simpler solution was possible. Marilyn did not realize this simpler solution and solved the problem in the way she had solved the first four. Her problem-solving strategy was hampered by:

A.	functional fixedness.

B.	the overconfidence phenomenon.

C.	mental set.

D.	her lack of a prototype for the solution.

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